Lots of people who are into music, have impressive systems and been in this hobby for a long while don’t know basic electronics or even how a transistor works, but this is an important subject because they amplify the audio we seek!
First, the BIAS!
Imagine how an amplifier works:
An amplifier takes a tiny signal (like the small sound from a microphone) and makes it big enough to drive speakers.
But there’s a problem: that tiny signal swings positive and negative (like a wave that goes above and below zero volts, a sine wave).
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Why DC voltage is introduced:
If we fed that little wave directly into a transistor (the “muscle” of the amplifier), it wouldn’t work well. Why ?
Because transistors don’t handle signals that cross zero naturally — they need to be “awake” first.
So engineers add a small steady DC voltage, called a bias voltage, to the transistor.
This bias sets the transistor in its active zone, like giving it a small push so it’s ready to respond instantly to the music signal. Tube amps also work in similar ways with nuances specific to tubes.
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In plain terms:
Think of the transistor like a door that needs to be cracked open slightly so it can swing both ways easily.
The DC bias is what keeps that door slightly open.
The music signal is the thing that pushes the door back and forth.
Without the bias, the door would stay shut half the time — and you’d only get half your sound wave (which would sound awful and distorted).
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Now onto DC OFFSET:
The DC offset in a sine wave represents a constant added voltage level, which shifts the whole waveform up or down. This does not change the sine wave’s shape, so a signal with DC offset will still look like a regular sine wave but shifted vertically.
DC offset is an unwanted DC voltage that appears at the amplifier’s output even when there is no input signal. If you use a multimeter and set it to DC Voltage, you will see it at the output of the terminals going to your speakers, even when nothing is connected to it and no music input.
Instead of the output waveform resting at zero volts, it gets pushed either above or below this zero line.
This shift means the speaker cones are pushed away from their neutral position even when no sound is playing <– very dangerous!
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Why DC offset matters:
A significant DC offset can cause distortion, cause speaker damage over time or quickly, and produce unwanted noises such as pops or clicks when powering the amplifier on or off.
It also wastes amplifier power and can reduce sound quality.
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How does it relate to BIAS?
While BIAS is the intentional DC voltage applied inside the amplifier to keep transistors in their best operating region, DC offset is often a byproduct of improper bias or mismatched components.
If the bias current through output transistors is too high or too low, it can cause a DC offset voltage at the output.
Thus, bias sets the operating conditions internally, and DC offset is an external symptom that something may be off inside.
Summary:
DC BIAS ensures the amplifier’s active components are “ready” and linear so the music signal can be faithfully amplified without distortion or clipping.
DC offset is an unwanted DC voltage appearing at the output that can damage speakers and degrade sound quality.
When troubleshooting amps experiencing sound issues, check bias if the amp heats excessively or distorts, and check DC offset if there are pops, clicks, or speaker damage concerns.
You will also be able to physically see the pops in the speaker driver, a positive DC offset will move the speaker forward and negative suck it in backwards, without any input signal, this is really bad to see – another good reason to have test speakers you won’t mind loosing or breaking – until the amp is fixed or adjusted.
Often you need to check and adjust both, since improper bias can cause DC offset problems, and a drifting DC offset can indicate bias or component issues.
Understanding both concepts and their relationship is key to maintaining good audio fidelity and longevity of your sound system.
This combined explanation should help anyone in the music hobby understand why bias and DC offset matter, how they differ, and when to look at each to fix amplifier issues.
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Discover the legendary MK S-80 Satellite speakers from Miller & Kreisel, known for unmatched clarity, dynamic range, and studio-quality sound in a compact design:
The MK S-80 Satellite speakers are a celebrated example of Miller & Kreisel’s commitment to high-fidelity sound in a compact form. These 4-ohm speakers are well-known among audiophiles for their incredible transient accuracy, wide dynamic range, and transparent midrange—making them a favorite for both music and home theater setups.
Despite their small size, S-80 Satellites deliver precise, uncolored sound, excelling at reproducing the true character of both recordings and live performances. They were engineered with phase-coherent crossovers and matched drivers, resulting in balanced imaging and linear response—qualities that help the music shine as the artist intended.
Early M&K systems like these set the standard for pairing satellites with subwoofers, ensuring the speakers focus on accurate upper frequencies while leaving deep bass to a dedicated subwoofer.
The S-80 speakers offer tunable inputs—High Efficiency or Low Efficiency—allowing users to optimize tonal balance and volume depending on their amplifier and listening space. Power-hungry by design, they reward pairing with a quality amplifier and careful setup. Overall, the MK S-80 Satellite speakers carve out a special niche for listeners who value detailed, honest reproduction—bringing a studio monitor ethos into living rooms everywhere.
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I picked these up for $300 with stands in the local market place. For the piano black finish, I saw a pair for about $700 with shipping and tax on ebay, and these came with stands too which I will sell for $100 to get my total price down to $200 which is not too shabby.
Being an audiophile for about 10 years, I have heard not all, but many good speakers and many British ones that I also own, and the mid-range is just beautiful with not excessive, but good tight Bass! It can use a good sub-woofer to help fill the low end, but please use a good one, made for music, mine is a EPOS ELS Subwoofer and they pair magically good!
I was and am still impressed, this will stay in my collection!
The Usher S-520 was co-designed by Dr. Joseph D’Appolito (USA) and founder Tsai Lien-Shui (Taiwan). The model was directly inspired by classic British mini-monitors, with the build and voicing modeled after the famous BBC LS3/5A and Celestion 3—renowned UK speakers known for their compact form factor and musical accuracy.
Design and Modeling Inspiration
The S-520 is explicitly a homage to British studio and consumer monitors, specifically the LS3/5A and small Celestion and Epos speakers.
Its sound signature—lush mids, precise imaging, and compact, rigid cabinet—draws from British engineering ideals: neutrality and musicality over exaggerated bass.
The proprietary “Symme-Motion” driver design (with careful attention to suspension and magnetic symmetry) was developed specifically for this monitor by Usher, not copied from a particular UK driver, though the sound target is the British mini-monitor tradition.
Drivers
Uses an in-house Usher-designed 5″ polypropylene woofer and a 1″ silk-dome tweeter made in Taiwan but tailored by D’Appolito for the S-520.
The crossover was also tuned to British standards for phase and tonal accuracy.
These designs were not licensed from British companies but come from Usher’s own manufacturing, aiming to replicate the appeal of iconic UK monitors for a wider audience.
British Speaker References
Directly compared to and modeled after the Celestion 3 and BBC LS3/5A in reviews and technical discussion.
Several reviewers and designers note the “British sound” of the S-520—focused, revealing, and musical.
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One of the things that I like about these machines is that they are fairly accurate and brew good consistent repeatable beer, as long as your recipe is sound… and sure while their later models are better like the Z1, these are still sound machines and worth keeping and brewing.
One of the most common type of error that you will get with these machines is a HEX error, where basically there is air trapped in the heat-exchanger, and the temperature sensor will detect a big temperature differential and the machine will start to make noise and the program will end, this will happen fairly fast once you start a Brew program.
I was told that in the beginning the company just put water into these units, but the machines would freeze in colder climates, so later they changed to using glycol. I just used water, but some people prefer glycol. Botton line is, if water/gycol ever leaks out and air gets introduced into the HEX, the error will come back. The Z1 machines have the pumps and all at the top of the machine, so it is much easier to get to it, you just remove the top and you have much quicker and easier access to it, but with these original machines, the pumps, boiler and heat-exchanger are actually at the bottom of the machines.
I am attaching a doc that was shared with me from the FB Group:
My main amp of choice right now is the B&K Ex-442. I have upgraded the main filtering caps to brand new ones and even upgraded the rectifier Bridges to support higher inrush currents better (yes, I keep the old parts).
But one thing always bothered me, and that was the power circuit PCB board that sit on top of the filter capacitors, there is two of them, one for each channel as this is a dual-mono block in one box design with a shared toroidal transformer.
Also, these are the types of moments that really lead to new opportunities, because this is not the first example! Like creating a 3D baffle for the EPOS ES-14 because the original tweeters fried.
So this got me back into the game of CAD design, I used to make these by hand when I was a kid, so I never used any software.
The software of choice, I wanted that to be open-source / and it if is good enough, I will use it, I am tired of jumping through corporate hoops for Corporate products with their licensing and any possible change to what they offer, even free community versions.
Anyways with that I used KiCAD, and yes there was some learning curve, honestly there isn’t many good videos on YouTube for beginners, or at least I couldn’t find any. So in this case, I actually used AI to help me… and by that I mean, you know: How do you do this, how this and that and how to you change that, after about 7-10 questions and try and error, I had all the knowledge to do this.
I eventually also met with another KiCAD user who showed me around a lot and the ropes of KiCAD and that is to understand the relationship between the Schematic and PCB modes, as these are highly related.. his Blog is here: https://lensprojects.com/
Video of Install:
and Video describing the boards specifically new vs. old..
Recently I have acquired some new to me Brand of speakers – Chario, model is Piccolo which are small satellite speakers… The are hand made in Italy (whatever that even means), and sounds very good for their small size, below is a sample of their capabilities…
To be honest, even those these are very good speakers, they just didn’t have enough magic for me and I sold them, stick to my trusty EPOS 🙂
Cheers!
#chario #piccolo
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Epos, a British loudspeaker manufacturer, is known for its minimalist design philosophy and focus on transparency and musicality. The ES11 and ES12 models are compact two-way speakers that share some design principles but differ in technical specifications and sound characteristics. Below is a detailed comparison of these two models, with their technical specifications presented in a side-by-side table.
Technical Specifications Comparison
Feature
Epos ES11
Epos ES12
Type
Two-way, vented-box design
Two-way, reflex-loaded design
Drivers
6.5-inch cone woofer, 1-inch dome tweeter
Plastic-cone woofer, 1-inch metal-dome tweeter
Frequency Response
60 Hz to 20 kHz
Slightly extended bass compared to ES11
Sensitivity
87 dB at 1 meter (2.83 V rms applied)
Approximately 87 dB
Impedance
8 ohms nominal
8 ohms nominal
Crossover
Minimalist design with a single capacitor for the tweeter; no crossover for the woofer
Redesigned crossover with improved integration between drivers
Recommended Amplifier Power
25–75 watts per channel
25–75 watts per channel
Dimensions (H x W x D)
14.75″ x 8.375″ x 9.875″ (37.5 cm x 22 cm x 25 cm)
Similar dimensions; slightly larger cabinet
Weight
17.6 lbs (8 kg) each
Slightly heavier due to larger cabinet
Finish
Vinyl wrap
Real wood veneer
Sound Characteristics
Epos ES11
The ES11 is praised for its precise imaging and refined sound, particularly in the midrange and upper frequencies. Its minimalist crossover design enhances transparency but can result in a slightly bass-shy performance, making it less suitable for bass-heavy genres without a subwoofer. The speaker excels in smaller rooms or near-field listening setups, where its imaging capabilities shine.
Epos ES12
The ES12 builds upon the ES11’s strengths by offering fuller-bodied sound with deeper bass and enhanced dynamic range. While it retains precise imaging, the midrange can sometimes sound nasal depending on room acoustics or placement. It is better suited for larger spaces compared to the ES11.
Key Differences Between Epos ES11 and ES12
Feature
Epos ES11
Epos ES12
Bass Response
Limited, bass-shy
Fuller-bodied, deeper bass
Sound Profile
Precise imaging, refined sound
Dynamic range, fuller sound
Tweeter Type
Metal dome
Metal dome
Design Features
Minimalist crossover
Improved crossover integration, but basically still Minimalist crossover
Ideal Listening Environment
Smaller rooms
Larger spaces
Conclusion
The Epos ES11 and ES12 are excellent examples of minimalist speaker design focused on transparency and musicality. The ES11 excels in imaging and midrange clarity, making it ideal for smaller rooms or near-field listening setups. On the other hand, the ES12 offers a fuller-bodied sound with deeper bass and enhanced dynamic range, making it better suited for larger spaces or listeners who prefer more impactful low frequencies.
Choosing between these two models depends on your listening preferences and room size:
Opt for the ES11 if you prioritize precision and clarity in smaller spaces.
Choose the ES12 if you need fuller sound with better bass response for larger environments.
Both models require high-quality amplification to perform at their best, staying true to Epos’s ethos of delivering uncompromised audio performance.
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Amplifiers are the backbone of any high-quality music system, ensuring that speakers perform at their best by delivering clean, precise power. While speakers are the primary drivers of sound quality, the amplifier’s role in maintaining signal fidelity and dynamic range is crucial. This article focuses exclusively on music amplifiers, avoiding guitar amps, and highlights British brands alongside B&K amplifiers.
Why Amplifier Quality Matters
Signal Fidelity Hi-fi amplifiers are designed to reproduce audio signals with minimal distortion or coloration, preserving the original recording’s integrity.
Power and Dynamics High-quality amplifiers provide sufficient power to drive speakers effectively, especially for demanding setups. They ensure stable performance across varying volumes and dynamic shifts.
Impedance Matching Proper impedance matching between the amplifier and speakers optimizes power transfer and prevents distortion or equipment damage.
Frequency Response A good amplifier ensures balanced reproduction across all frequencies, contributing to a full and immersive listening experience.
Soundstage and Imaging Amplifiers play a role in creating a realistic soundstage, allowing listeners to perceive spatial details in the music.
British Hi-Fi Amplifiers: A Tradition of Excellence
British audio brands are renowned for their meticulous craftsmanship and balanced tonal characteristics. Here are some notable options:
Naim Audio: Known for its rhythmically engaging sound, Naim amplifiers like the Supernait 3 deliver dynamic performance with excellent bass control and upgrade potential.
Cambridge Audio: Models like the CXA81 offer detailed sound with wide compatibility, making them a popular choice for audiophiles seeking versatility.
Rega: The Elex Mk4 is celebrated for its musicality and articulate sound reproduction, ideal for mid-range hi-fi setups.
Roksan: The Caspian M2 provides rich tonality and dynamic sound, paired with robust build quality suitable for long-term use.
Chord Electronics: High-end amplifiers like the Ultima series exemplify engineering excellence with transparent sound reproduction.
B&K Amplifiers: Precision Meets Musicality
B&K Components has established itself as a reliable name in hi-fi amplification. Their products are known for their robust design and detailed sound signature:
B&K ST-140: A classic solid-state amplifier praised for its ability to retrieve low-level detail with clarity. It offers a lean sound profile that works well with systems needing precision but may feel cold in certain setups.
B&K Sonata M-200: These mono block amplifiers excel at driving difficult speakers like Martin Logan electrostatics, offering refined bass performance and articulate midrange reproduction. Their design supports passive cooling, ensuring durability during extended use.
B&K amplifiers are ideal for audiophiles seeking accuracy and musicality at accessible price points. However, careful pairing with speakers is essential to avoid accentuating their somewhat clinical sound profile.
More specifically the two amps I really love from B&K are the 125.2 (I own two) and the Ex-442.
A Report on the B&K 125.2 and EX-442 Stereo Power Amplifiers
B&K Components has long been recognized for producing high-quality stereo power amplifiers that deliver excellent sound performance at reasonable price points. This report focuses on two notable models: the B&K Reference 125.2 and the EX-442, analyzing their specifications, sound characteristics, and legacy in the audiophile community.
B&K Reference 125.2
Specifications
Power Output: 125 watts per channel into 8Ω; 185 watts per channel into 4Ω[5].
Peak Current: 30 amps[5].
Dynamic Headroom: 1.2 dB[5].
Inputs: Both XLR (balanced) and RCA (unbalanced)[1].
Design: Known for its smooth, warm sound typical of B&K amplifiers[7].
Sound Characteristics
The Reference 125.2 is praised for its smooth and warm tonal profile, making it ideal for music lovers seeking a relaxed yet detailed listening experience. Its ability to handle dynamic shifts with ease ensures that it performs well across various genres, from classical to rock. The amplifier runs relatively cool during operation, which contributes to its reliability and longevity[7].
Usage and Compatibility
This amplifier pairs well with mid-range speakers like KEF LS50s, as noted by users who appreciate its ability to drive demanding loads without distortion[1]. Audiophiles recommend using a high-quality preamp with the Reference 125.2 to avoid compromising its sonic potential[1].
Legacy
The Reference 125.2 remains a popular choice among budget-conscious audiophiles due to its performance-to-price ratio. It is often recommended as an entry point into high-fidelity audio systems, providing a taste of premium sound without breaking the bank.
B&K EX-442
Specifications
Power Output: 200 watts per channel into 8Ω; 350 watts per channel into 4Ω[2][8].
Frequency Response: 20Hz to 20kHz[2].
Peak Current: Up to 75 amps, offering exceptional dynamic capability[4].
Output Design: MOSFET-based output stage for smoother sound reproduction[8].
Build Features: Dual transformers (Sonata version), internal heat sinks, and optional XLR inputs for balanced connections[4].
Sound Characteristics
The EX-442 is celebrated for its powerful yet refined sound signature. It delivers robust bass performance, articulate mids, and smooth highs, making it suitable for both music enthusiasts and critical listeners. Its high peak current capability allows it to handle demanding speakers like Polk SDA-SRS models with ease[4]. The amplifier’s MOSFET output stage contributes to its warm and natural tonal characteristics.
Usage and Modifications
Users have reported modifying the EX-442’s power supply and capacitors to further enhance its performance. Adding high-quality film capacitors in parallel with electrolytic capacitors can improve transient response and overall clarity[2]. This amplifier is versatile enough for use in both professional and home audio setups.
Legacy
The EX-442 has been a mainstay in many audiophile systems since its introduction in the mid-1980s. Its robust design and excellent performance have ensured its longevity, with many units still in active use today. Owners often describe it as a “workhorse” amplifier capable of delivering consistent performance over decades[2][4].
Comparison of B&K Reference 125.2 vs EX-442
Feature
B&K Reference 125.2
B&K EX-442
Power Output
125WPC @ 8Ω; 185WPC @ 4Ω
200WPC @ 8Ω; 350WPC @ 4Ω
Peak Current
30 amps
Up to 75 amps
Sound Profile
Smooth and warm
Powerful yet refined
Input Options
XLR & RCA
Optional XLR & RCA
Ideal Use Case
Mid-range speakers
Demanding speaker setups
Legacy
Entry-level hi-fi
Long-standing workhorse
B&K Conclusion
Both the B&K Reference 125.2 and EX-442 amplifiers exemplify B&K’s commitment to delivering high-quality sound at accessible price points. The Reference 125.2 is ideal for those seeking a smooth, musical experience with mid-range speakers, while the EX-442 offers greater power and dynamic capability suited for more demanding setups.
For audiophiles looking to invest in reliable amplifiers with proven track records, these models represent excellent choices that continue to hold their value in the hi-fi community. Whether you prioritize warmth or power, B&K’s amplifiers deliver performance that stands the test of time.
Sources [1] How good a deal is this B&K Components LTD Reference S2 125.2 … https://www.reddit.com/r/BudgetAudiophile/comments/zbun5g/how_good_a_deal_is_this_bk_components_ltd/ [2] BK Components EX-442 Stereo Power Amplifier Manual | HiFi Engine https://www.hifiengine.com/manual_library/bk-components/ex-442.shtml [3] B&K Reference 125.2 S2 Stereo Power Amplifier – The Music Room https://tmraudio.com/components/power-amplifiers/b-k-reference-125-2-s2-stereo-power-amplifier/ [4] B&K EX-442 and ST-202+ Different – Polk Audio Forum https://forum.polkaudio.com/discussion/177349/b-amp-k-ex-442-and-st-202-different [5] B&K Reference 125.2 Series II User Manual – ManualsLib https://www.manualslib.com/manual/423424/BAndk-Reference-125-2-Series-Ii.html [6] B&K Components EX-442 Sonata Power Amplifier – The Rocket https://www.theonlinerocket.com/b-k-components-ex-442-sonata-900w-power-amplifier-fully-run-tested-RUVBGEBbU1hcXFxc [7] B&K ST 125.2 Amplifier – Polk Audio Forum https://forum.polkaudio.com/discussion/183178/b-k-st-125-2-amplifier [8] B & K EX-442 Sonata Series Owners Manual https://forum.audiogon.com/discussions/b-k-ex-442-sonata-series-owners-manual
Overall Final Conclusion
The quality of an amplifier is integral to achieving optimal sound from any music system. British brands like Naim, Cambridge Audio, Rega, and Roksan emphasize tonal precision and craftsmanship, while B&K amplifiers stand out for their power delivery and detail retrieval. When selecting an amplifier, consider its compatibility with your speakers’ impedance and sensitivity ratings to ensure synergy within your setup. Investing in a high-quality amplifier will elevate your listening experience by bringing out the best in your music collection.
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The Epos ES11 and ES14 speakers are two iconic models from the British audio brand Epos, which gained prominence in the 1980s for its minimalist yet innovative speaker designs. Below is a comparison of the two models, along with their historical context.
Historical Context
Epos was founded in the early 1980s and quickly became known for its purist approach to speaker design. The ES14 debuted as a groundbreaking model that set new standards in mid-priced hi-fi speakers. It was later joined by the smaller and more affordable ES11.
The model number can be confusing thinking the ES11 came first, but quite the opposite is true.
Both models were celebrated for their exceptional sound quality, achieved through clever engineering solutions like ultra-simple crossover networks and highly developed drivers. These speakers carved out a niche in the British hi-fi market during the 1980s and 1990s, becoming staples for audiophiles of the era[1][2][5].
Over time, Epos underwent several ownership changes, which led to newer designs that never quite captured the magic of the original models. The brand faded from prominence until its recent revival under Karl-Heinz Fink, who has modernized the ES14 as the ES14N while retaining its core design principles[1][2].
Key Differences Between the ES11 and ES14
Feature
Epos ES11
Epos ES14
Size
Compact two-way standmounter
Larger two-way standmounter
Drivers
Smaller mid/bass driver (approx. 16 cm)
Larger 18 cm mid/bass driver
Crossover Design
Minimalist (single capacitor)
Minimalist but slightly more complex
Bass Performance
Limited bass extension
Better bass extension due to larger driver
Sound Profile
Purer tonality, suited for smaller spaces
More dynamic and authoritative sound
Historical Role
Affordable entry into high-end audio
Benchmark for mid-priced hi-fi speakers
Design Philosophy
Both models shared a minimalist design ethos. The ES11 used a natural roll-off for its woofer and a single capacitor for its tweeter crossover, maximizing transparency. Similarly, the ES14 employed a simple crossover but offered more robust performance due to its larger size and driver[5][6].
Performance
The ES11 was praised for its tonal purity and suitability for smaller spaces or nearfield listening. In contrast, the ES14 delivered greater dynamics, bass depth, and overall authority, making it ideal for larger rooms or more demanding setups[7].
Legacy
While both models were eventually succeeded by newer designs, they remain cherished by audiophiles. The ES14, in particular, has been reimagined as the modern ES14N, incorporating advances in speaker technology while honoring its heritage[1][2].
In summary, the Epos ES11 and ES14 catered to different needs within the same minimalist philosophy. The ES11 appealed to those seeking compact excellence, while the ES14 offered a more commanding presence and broader performance capabilities. Both models continue to hold a special place in hi-fi history.
Sources [1] Epos ES14N review – Speakers – What Hi-Fi? https://www.whathifi.com/reviews/epos-es14n [2] Revitalised Epos resurrects legendary ES14 speakers … – What Hi-Fi? https://www.whathifi.com/news/revitalised-epos-resurrects-legendary-es14-speakers-with-a-modern-twist [3] Archives: Articles – Hi-Fi+ https://hifiplus.com/articles/page/15/ [4] Where does the Epos ES14 stand vs modern equivalents? https://community.naimaudio.com/t/where-does-the-epos-es14-stand-vs-modern-equivalents/1092 [5] Epos ES12 loudspeaker – Stereophile.com https://www.stereophile.com/standloudspeakers/497epos/index.html [6] Epos ES-11 to Epos M12.2 ? – ecoustics.com https://www.ecoustics.com/electronics/forum/home-audio/309152.html [7] Epos es11 or es 14 – Hi-Fi 4 Sale https://www.hifi4sale.net/t13624-epos-es11-or-es-14 [8] Epos Acoustics ES11 – Audiophillness.com https://audiophillness.com/epos-es11-sn15151/
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A thrift-store score $7, I believe they are made from MDF, painted white with pretty good drivers and a solid weight to them considering how small they are.
Video from my YouTube channel is linked here:
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